An on-site test gives us hardness in grains per gallon or parts per million, and total dissolved solids. Those two readings do most of the work.
Hardness drives softener sizing — and sizing genuinely matters. An undersized softener regenerates constantly, burns through salt, and never quite delivers soft water. An oversized one sits idle between cycles. The right size is a calculation built from your hardness reading, household size, and usage, not a guess from square footage.
TDS tells us about dissolved content that softening doesn't address, which is usually where the drinking-water conversation begins.